Tag Archive for: natural resources

USAID Report

A key recommendation by a USAID report that was released in June and titled “Emerging Technology and Practice for Conservation Communications in Africa” is for international development agencies to institutionalize good practice in the use of ICTs for Conservation. The report noted that while the conservation community has a wealth of experience in harnessing ICTs and communications among its many members, the distribution of this expertise is uneven.

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Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF giving a speech at the Center for Global Development in Washington, D.C.

Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF. Photo credit: International Monetary Fund

On Tuesday, June 12, 2012, Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), presented a speech at the Center for Global Development in Washington D.C. entitled “Back to Rio, the Road to a Sustainable Economic Future”.

Mrs. Lagarde spoke of a “triple crisis”, comprised of economic, environmental and social factors, stressing her belief that none of the issues could be improved in isolation from one another. In order to address these problems, she called for a different type of economic growth that would use a variety of fiscal and monetary policies to address the environmental and social issues simultaneously. Fiscal policies mentioned included cap and trade schemes on carbon emissions, and various environmental taxes. In regards to how the IMF can assist in this matter, Mrs. Lagarde stated that the organization can help set prices and fill infrastructure gaps with clean energies to help increase economic growth. With the ability to lend to the developing world, she stressed, “Now the IMF needs more resources for concessional lending, to help vulnerable countries navigate an increasingly volatile world. This is one of my top priorities.”

Mrs. Lagarde also highlighted the dual effects of environmentally-sensitive fiscal policy, to reduce environmental damage while generating tax revenue for the economy. Illustrating this point, she stated, “Right now, less than 10 percent of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions are covered by formal pricing programs. Only a handful of cities charge for the use of gridlocked roads. Farmers in rich countries are undercharged—if charged at all—for increasingly scarce water resources.” Mrs. Lagarde also mentioned that the IMF currently involved in natural resource accounting, along with the United Nations and the World Bank, to monitor the stock and use of natural resources such as land, water, and subsoil assets.

Mrs. Legarde brought attention to the need for social safety nets, particularly in developing countries, where she feels people are the most vulnerable to environmental consequences. Furthermore, she reminded the audience that the hardest-hit populations are usually those who contribute the least to the economic and environmental crises. In an effort to help relieve the stress, she cited the IMF’s effort to replenish the poverty reduction fund and provide resources to those countries in need. She also called for governments to move away from subsidy regimes that do not account for income disparities between different populations.

Following Mrs. Lagarde’s speech, a Questions and Answer session was led by Nancy Birsdall, President of the Center for Global Development. An important topic of discussion was how the global community can best take a green measurement of GDP. Mrs. Lagarde emphasized that the way in which we measure, determines the way in which we think; so while it may not become a mainstream measurement of growth, some type of value or index is crucial in order to compare and address the cost of natural resources, the value of goods, etc. She also mentioned that this is something the Department of Statistics at the IMF is currently working on with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

In preparation of the Rio+20 Summit, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Mrs. Lagarde outlined a variety of important issues for attendees to take into account. The conference took place this week in Brazil, marking the 20th anniversary of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), in Rio de Janeiro.

Last month WRI (World Resources Institute) released its report on threats to coral reefs, Reefs at Risk Revisited, a three-year study that resulted in the greatest-detailed global maps to date. The maps were produced in partnership with the Google Earth Outreach Development Grant and are meant to protect critical areas through mapping. Besides the report, maps, and data set, WRI created an awareness video that provides a tour of all of the world’s major coral reefs.

 

Interesting facts from the video include:

  • there are 6 coral regions of the world: Caribbean, Red Sea/Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australia/Great Barrier Reef, and the Pacific
  • a quarter of life forms in the ocean live in coral reefs, which are less than 1000th of the ocean’s total area
  • more than 250 million people live near coral reefs
  • coral reefs are at risk because of unmanaged coastal development, deforestation, soil erosion, nutrient and fertilizer runoff, overfishing, and rising water temperatures
  • human actions have put 60% of coral reefs at risk

 

Image courtesy of WRI

 

The shea nut industry has come a long way since I was a Peace Corps volunteer in West Africa from 2006-2008. In fact, despite researching ICT4D initiatives on a daily basis, I was still baffled when I read the Economist article about a shea project in northern Ghana that provides personalized barcodes for women to stick to shea nuts sacks as they sell them to buyers.

Man scanning barcode on shea nut sack

Photo credit: The Economist

It’s one thing to read or listen to others talk about the use of mobiles to improve maternal health or apps that help grain buyers manage transactions from small-scale farmers in the developing world. It’s another to really consider the impact that various ICTs are having on the people of an area where one has lived or worked before.

Shea, a product that grows on trees as a fruit and whose nut is pounded into butter to be used for cooking, confectionary, and cosmetics, has long been referred to as “women’s gold.” That’s because traditionally women are the primary ones to gather the fruit from the ground after it has ripened and fallen. The nuts grow only in the semi-arid zone of sub-Saharan Africa from the Gambia to Uganda. Because of the rare properties of shea, the worldwide demand for the product worldwide has grown, some sources estimating that 150,000 tons of dry kernels are exported every year from Africa. Various non-profits, NGOs and aid agencies have taken advantage of the large shea demand to create projects that empower women by increasing their income and providing access to markets.

When I volunteered in Mali, shea production was hot on the development agenda. USAID was supporting shea projects through its Small Project Assistance grants, as well as organizing trainings on improved shea production methods through the West Africa Trade Hub. Since shea trees were abundant in my rural site of Kamona, I was able to work extensively with the women on shea projects; we formed a cooperative, acquired solar shea nut dryers and connected with nut buyers.

Christy and Nema from Kamona village, mali

Walking with shea producer in Kamona, Mali

For our shea projects, contacting buyers on cell phones was about as far as ICT use went. Records of the sacks that women brought were kept in torn notebooks using barely-working pens. If someone told me then that cell phones (what’s a “smart” phone?) would be used to keep track of the weight, price, and quality of nuts and sacks, I would not have believed it. Then again, volunteers who had been in Mali just a couple years before me never had access to mobile phones and were envious when us newbies could keep in touch with our families in America on a daily basis if we wanted.

Women in Mali making shea butter soap

Women in Kamona, Mali, making soap using shea butter

The project in Ghana is being implemented by the German company SAP alongside the NGO PlaNet Finance and is both a social and business investment. A smartphone scans the barcode on the shea nut sack during delivery and talks to a server in Germany, tracking each bag as it is weighed and loaded onto a lorry. Another part of the project has had the women form a federation called the Star Shea Network, which allows the women to offer a reliable supply of nuts and gain bargaining power with buyers. The women have also received training on nut quality improvement and how to act on market price information received through mobile phones. Eventually, SAP hopes that the women will be able to pay for the services with their increased income rather than relying on grants to sustain the project.

ICTs have been used to improve the work of shea producers in other ways, such as creating a directory of shea butter buyers, and marketing shea products through picture and videos. Though the smartphone project is nascent and is not yet being implemented elsewhere to the best of my knowledge, I cannot help but wonder if similar initiatives will reach the shea nut collectors in Kamona.

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