Photo Credit: flickspire.com

The theme for this years’ International Women’s Day celebration is “Empower Rural Women – End Hunger and Poverty.” This is in recognition of the critical role and contribution women, especially rural women are playing globally to enhance agricultural and rural development, improve food security and help reduce poverty levels in their communities.

Unfortunately, there are others in Africa (my continent) who still believe that women or girl-child should support their mothers on the farm to send their brothers or boy-child to school. They still hold onto the stereotypical believe that Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines are for boys. No doubt, there is a recent announcement by Debonair Limited that a tablet PC targeted at “men” will be launched in Ghana next month.

My concern is, why for ‘men’ and why in Ghana (Africa)? Is it the right time to develop such a technology for Ghanaian men to celebrate success? What success are we talking about here? Should we rather be thinking of gender specific technologies for production such as ICT solutions for rural women in agriculture? These are questions I wish we can reflect upon as the world celebrates the International Women’s Day (IWD) on this 8th of  March for economic, political and social achievements of women past, present and future.

ICTs are NOT Gender Neutral

At the February TechTalk organized by the USAID Global Broadband and Innovation (GBI) program on “How to Address Gender in Your ICT Projects” the CEO of Sonjara Inc., Siobhan Green, stated that ICTs are NOT gender neutral. Even though I have been thinking about gender specific ICT solutions for women in agriculture, and writing about ICTs for rural farmers before this TechTalk, my interest in the area has increased after hearing this statement. Are these new information and communication technologies (ICTs) really gender-biased?

With the above statement, it is therefore not possible for me to keep silence after reading the announcement from Debonair Limited. According to Debonair’s spokeswoman, the fact is, men take their toys very seriously. After working so hard to achieve success, men deserve to own and play with the cars, the Yacht, the watches and quality clothes. The Bamboo D300 has been developed to celebrate a man’s success.’

Photo Credit: Debonair Limited

The CEO of the company also has this to say:

Men will fall in love with the Bamboo D300 tablet because it is a simple, makes it easy to do the things men love – transact business, sports, watch movies, read books & magazines, listen to music, download apps, play games, check emails and surf the web on a simple touch-screen interface. It’s great for men of all ages, and provides a great intuitive experience; even for men who do not know how to use computers”-  Mr. Adebola Omololu.

Even if this is just a marketing blurb, I think we have moved far beyond it in this information age. I’m wondering which of the above tasks listed by the CEO are beyond the reach of African women? What is so unique about business transactions, surfing the web, reading magazine, or listening to music on PC tablet that African women cannot do? For how long do we continue to widen this digital divide through our cultural and mental perceptions of women in Africa?

Making our priorities right!

Interestingly, I have been researching into ICT solutions – projects and mobile applications currently aiding agricultural value chain actors to increase information and knowledge exchange. Out of over 120 ICT solutions currently identified and analyzed, not a single one is gender specific. This means that it is up to the implementers of these ICT solutions to decide how best to increase women access to the technologies in their projects. Failure to do that will result in under-representation of women in these projects.

So why PC tablet for men in Ghana or Africa at this time? In Ghana, agriculture remains one of the key sectors with more than 80% of all agricultural production done on land holdings less than one hectare. The vast majority of these farmers are subsistence small-scale, rural women who lack access to improved technologies for production, storage, processing, and market information.

I believe what Ghanaian men need at this time is more than PC tablet for fun or pleasure. We need technology companies to think and design ICT specific solutions for our rural women who are “killing” themselves daily to keep us alive. At the just ended IFAD Governing Council meeting in Rome, Bill Gates stated that, “right now, a digital revolution is changing the way farming is done, but poor, small farmers aren’t benefiting from it.” And these poor small farmers are our women.

Women Agricultural Scientists Honored: From Left, Anne Gichangi, Ruth Wanyera and Esther Kimani

Instead of thinking and developing PC tablet for Ghanaian men for pleasure, fun and to celebrate success, I join Dr. Fenneke Reysoo to ask this interesting question: “Men, Where are the Women?”. On this International Women’s Day, Men In Africa, Where Are Our Women In Agriculture?

Power generation accounts for about one-quarter of global carbon emissions, a major cause of global warming. CARMA (Carbon Monitoring for Action) was created to inventory and monitor this massive output to “equip individuals with the information they need to forge a cleaner, low-carbon future.” There are over 50,000 power plants and 4,000 power companies worldwide available on CARMA’s database, which is produced and financed by the Confronting Climate Change Initiative at the Center for Global Development. CARMA can be used by consumers, investors, shareholders, and policymakers to name a few for influencing decisions on power generation.

For power plants within the U.S., CARMA uses E.P.A. data. For non-reporting plants, CARMA estimates emissions using a statistical model that utilizes detailed data on plant-level engineering and fuel specifications. The database is updated quarterly to reflect changes in ownership, construction, renovation, planned expansions, and plant retirements. The plants can generate power from any number of sources, including hydroelectric, fossil fuels, and nuclear. According to the site, “CARMA does not endorse or favor any particular technology. Our goal is to simply report the best available information on sources of power sector carbon emissions.” In many cases data can be downloaded from the site.

 

Photo Credit: The African

Smallholder farmers face agricultural productivity challenges in the areas of under-investment in R&D; the actual processes of agricultural research and communication; access and utilization of agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizer, agrochemicals, etc. by farmers; and accurate information on field production practices. On the other hand, success stories of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to minimize each of these challenges are being documented across the globe and the potential for increasing the impact of ICTs on agricultural production is huge.

As the first in the 3-piece series on “Mapping ICT Solutions along the Agricultural Value Chain”, this post explains how ICT solutions are being used or can be used by value chain actors within the productivity segment of the value chain. ICT solutions in this category may support value chain actors who are involved in agricultural research and development, input manufacture and supply, extension, and production for increased access to information and knowledge for agricultural production.

Potential ICT Solutions for Agricultural Research and Development (R&D)

Agricultural R&D is a key component of the value chain and in most developing nations, has great limitation due to poor access to the global knowledge pool by the developing nations researchers. ICT solutions in this sub-category may support the work of agricultural researchers, agricultural science students, extension staffs, and farmers to facilitate access to scientific knowledge, exchange of information between and among them.

Examples of ICT solutions identified include mobile applications such as the i) OakMapper, a mobile application which allows users to submit occurrences of Sudden Oak Death (SOD), search for incidents, and to report them to the geospatial enabled database; ii) Rural Universe Network (RUNetwork), a network of several partners in the Caribbean to help improve the availability of local knowledge and information through the development of a rural communication system; iii) eRails, a free website for partners across Africa working in the area of agriculture and rural development to help them share their new innovations; iv) AGORA and TEEAL by FAO and Cornell University respectively helping to increase access of developing nations researchers and academics to scientific journals to facilitate their research work.

Photo Credit: Thulasy Balasubramaniam and Graham Lettner

Potential ICT Solutions for Access to Agricultural Inputs 

Increased access to inputs such as seed, animal feed, fertilizer, machinery, financial support, insurance, and irrigation systems at the right time, the right price, and in the right amounts is key for successful production by farmers. Actors within this segment are mostly private sector and for-profit firms that need to be in constant communication with the smallholder farmers to ensure profitable investment. Communication tools are important for continuous flow of information between these partners to be able to develop the right input that works for the farmers. At the same time, input manufacturers and suppliers are expected to collaborate with researchers who test these inputs for their suitability for farmers to help in commercialization and scaling up promising agricultural technologies that could benefit smallholder farmers.

ICT solutions within this category may support activities of input manufacturers, suppliers, and users for timely, more efficient and effective use of these agricultural inputs. Some of the ICT applications identified include the use of i) E-Voucher system in Zambia to facilitate easy access to inputs by farmers, help involve the private sector, and reduce fraud in the delivery of these inputs; ii) the Agrian Mobile Information Center, a mobile app that allows users to access product information while in the field, search by product name, active ingredients, signal word, etc. and iii) Kilimo Salama, an input insurance system in Kenya for farmers as they purchase inputs for their farms.

Potential ICT Solutions for Agricultural Production

Apart from inputs and other new technologies from research, farmers put in a lot of resources and efforts into the actual production process on the field. Smallholder farmers across the globe are known for their innovative activities in the face of limited access to scientific knowledge and resources for production. Information communication technologies can play significant role in either way – connecting them to scientific resources and information and also link these farmers together to share their indigenous knowledge and experiences acquired over the years. ICT solutions in this sub-category may help in communicating information to support field activities by farmers such as weather, pest and diseases, soil nutrient levels, harvesting practices, gestation cycles, and knowledge sharing among farming communities.

Photo Credit: FAO

Some of the tools identified within this group include i) Crop Calendar, an online resource created by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which provides timely information about seeds to promote local crop production by farmers; ii) iCow, a voice-based mobile application that prompts cattle farmers on vital days of cows gestation period; iii) NEXT2, a geo-social application that is able to connect farmers with similar interest that are geographically co-located through SMS, voice, or mobile web to share local knowledge, expertise and experiences; and iv) a host of traditional radio programs that are assisting farmers’ production activities.

In concluding this piece, it is clear that the huge potential of the new digital network for agricultural productivity is yet to be fully exploited for smallholder farmers. The technologies are affecting the work of agricultural researchers, extension workers, input manufacturers and distributors, private sector organizations interested in partnering with governments to improve agriculture, and some farmers at the remotest communities. But stakeholders need to devise better strategies for fully integrating these solutions into their projects.

This is the first in a 3-part series that explains the role of ICTs within the three major stages of the agricultural value chain – Productivity, Marketing, & Monitoring and Evaluation. We’ll soon be launching a dynamic and interactive version of “Apps4Ag Database” project on March 9th during GBI’s TechTalk:Mapping ICTs Along the Ag Value Chain.

Puzzle pieces representing parts of the ag value chain, fit togetherThe agriculture and food security value chain system is known for its complexity with varied actors at various levels interacting among themselves and with their external environment to provide sustainable food security situation across the world. In this complex system, the key for success depends on how well the value chain actors collaborate and coordinate their activities throughout the entire process from research and development through production to consumption.

The agricultural value chain identifies a set of actors and their respective activities that are aimed at bringing basic agricultural product from research and development, through production in the field, marketing and value adding processing to the final consumer. Within the agricultural value chain, irrespective of the model of the chain, three key components can be identified. These are activities associated with – i) productivity (Research and Development (R&D), input manufacture and supply, production on the field); ii) marketing (transport and storage, processing, retail and wholesale); and iii) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) (policy and traceability). Marking out these components allows for identification of the actors that work within these three main categories along the value chain.

Communication tools for coordination of roles

In a complex system like the agricultural value chain, coordination of roles is key as the actors collaborate to exchange resources. Successful coordination of role calls for appropriate communication approaches and media for smooth flow of resources from one stage to another and from one actor to the other. The importance of communication within the value chain is becoming clear especially with the surge to develop new and innovative information and communication technologies (ICTs) for agriculture and food security.

The U.S. Agency for International Development’s new Global Broadband and Innovations (GBI) program with the mandate to focus the Agency’s attention and resources on leveraging the adoption of ICTs across its development portfolio has been exploring the role of the new technologies along the agricultural value chain for improved resource flow. Throughout our desk research, we have found that there are several discussions, and activities going on with the use of ICTs in agriculture and food security, and others specifically on value chain development. However, little is done to bring the two issues together.

The ICTs for Agriculture team at GBI has over the past few months been working to bring these two issues together to help identify what ICT solutions currently in the market are best fit for each stage of the agricultural value chain. The team has identified and selected over 125 ICT solutions (apps and projects) that apply to the various actors within the agricultural value chain, specifically for this initial stage of the project and has mapped out these tools along the chain.

This is an introduction to a 3-piece series that explains the role of ICTs within the three major stages of the agricultural value chain – Productivity, Marketing, & Monitoring and Evaluation. We’ll soon be launching a dynamic and interactive version of “Apps4Ag Database” project on March 9th during GBI’s TechTalk:Mapping ICTs Along the Ag Value Chain.

Photo Credit: Wikipedia

Markets for agricultural products is another critical component of the value chain – i.e from the time the produce is ready for harvest till it reaches the final consumer. A number of activities take place within this period from storage, processing, transportation, retail, and wholesale that add value to the produce. These value adding processes are greatly affected by factors such as inefficiencies in trade policies – both local and international, poor post-harvest handling techniques, challenges with storage and processing, limited infrastructure for transportation of produce, and lack of access to credit by farmers at the lean season to help them extend shelf life of their produce.

In the context of communication, the World Bank’s eSourcebook defined marketing in terms of “finding out” what customers want and “supplying it” to them. ICT solutions that target markets for farmers’ produce may have features that connect producers to traders, provide market alerts and status of prices to both producers and traders at various markets, facilitate easy and smooth transactions and price negotiations, ensure easy flow of goods across regions/states, aid market research, and improve storage and processing challenges for value chain actors. Effective deployment of these tools will increase food availability, increase income of producers and traders, minimize post-harvest losses, and help stabilize food prices.

Potential applications of ICTs for retail activities

Smallholder farmers are producers and at the same time retailers. Commodities produced beyond household consumption go to the market for retail. Farmers sell at the farm gate, in their homes, local markets and regional markets to get cash to meet other social and economic needs at home. But due to poor market information at the time of harvest (even at the time of cultivation), farmers are exploited by middlemen or market women who determine the price, and most of the times, the farm produce are left to rot at the farm or the market due to glut in market at the time of harvest. ICTs are helping to reduce this challenge in most developing countries to increase market information for producers. These ICT solutions may support activities of smallholder farmers, traders and consumers with market information and other transaction processes to help deliver produce to the consumers.

Examples include the use of Agriculture Price Alert, an iPhone mobile application that send push notification to users (farmers, traders, consumers) when prices reach the limit they set; M-Farm, a mobile application that helps users to get up to date crop price information, connect farmers together to jointly sell their produce, and help group-buying of farm utilities together; and CellBazaar that uses a suite of applications including SMS, the web and voice to bring ‘the market’ to the handset of its users.

Potential applications of ICTs for wholesale activities

Photo Credit: ICTUpdate

Farm produce also travels from the farm gate to wholesale markets and supermarkets. The produce undergoes value-adding processes such as sorting, storage, processing, grading, packaging, labeling and certification, which may be undertaken by the farmer or the wholesaler. The entire process involves logistics and communication to be able to deliver the right product to the right market. There are specific ICT solutions that support activities of commercial farmers, traders, processors, graders and consumers with market information and transaction processes to ensure quality products in the market. Some of these activities cut across national and regional boundaries for international markets.

Examples include Virtual City AgriManagr, which allows traders to manage the weighing, grading and receipting of their produce collected from each farmer at the collection point and pay suppliers using cashless transactions, Regional Agriculture Trade Intelligence Network (RATIN) which supplies traders with improved early warning marketing and trade information leading to more efficient and competitive transactions in food trade between surplus and deficit regions in East Africa, and the Africa Commodities and Futures Exchange (ACFEX), a Pan-African multi-asset derivatives exchange that provides a continent wide price discovery mechanism, transparency, risk management in a number of areas including agriculture.

In conclusion, a range of ICT solutions are within this “marketing” category of the value chain. Solutions providing market information to farmers prior to cultivation for decision on what crop to cultivate and how much to farm; those that give price alerts from different market locations for farmers to decide on who to sell their produce to; others that connect farmers and traders together to negotiate and exchange their commodities;  those that facilitate transactions and payments; and other solutions that ensure storage/warehousing to help add value to the produce and increase farmers’ income.

PEPID Elements: Environmental Medicine & Disasters allows users to identify natural resources around them that can be used in emergency situations. The app includes identification, management and treatment of environmental disaster medicine conditions including mountain medicine, survival situations for both natural and manmade scenarios, heat injury and illness, cold injury and illness, electrical and lighting injury, and bites and stings. The comprehensive treatment section has a complete drug database containing adult and pediatric dosing, indications, adverse reactions and administration information. Elements was designed by PEPID, provider of medical software and drug databases.

Photo credit: Kitguru.com

Intel’s recently released white paper entitled “The Positive Impacts of Learning”, provides new research data that concludes that eLearning is improving the quality and effectiveness of education.  An updated version of the 2009 paper, it offers a comprehensive glimpse at some key research findings aimed at helping educational leaders identify relevant eLearning benefits to make well-informed decisions for developing eLearning strategies.

Intel realizes, along with much of the ICT sector, that with an endless array of both failed and successful examples of implementation strategies for eLearning — and few published results of strictly controlled experimental studies — it is difficult for researchers to produce valid data that can actually prove the efficacy of improving the quality of education through the use of ICT.  By comparing data from a spectrum of different studies conducted in the US and various countries, the paper draws several important conclusions supporting the theory that eLearning is in fact positively impacting not only students and teachers, but also their families, communities, societies, and economies.

Students: 

Research has shown that there are three major areas of student learning affected by eLearning: engagement, motivation and attendance.  Teachers that were surveyed or consulted in many of the studies reported that student motivation was improved the most out these three areas, as much as 76% of low achieving students involved in 1:1 computing programs in one teacher survey.

  • Access:

Access to technology is a large factor in student performance levels.  Studies have found that 1:1 computing programs are much more beneficial than computer labs.  Through analyzing 13 different countries, researchers have found that students with easy access to ICT in the classrooms or involved in 1:1 programs are significantly more likely to use ICT than students who only had access to computer labs.  Not only do these students use the devices more, but another study showed that academic scores and attendance improved significantly.

  • Quality of Learning:

When deciding how deeply the technology should be integrated into the learning process, Intel concludes that the more opportunities and easier accessibility that students have to the technology, the greater the effects.  Intel has found that student-centered teaching methodologies coupled with blended learning, a strategy that mixes different educational environments, is the most effective way of ensuring that students fully value and explore all learning possibilities available through the technology.  With similar advantages found in differentiated instruction methods, students are then able to learn at their own pace and adopt strategies to develop skills needed for self-regulated learning.

  • Performance:

Photo credit: anonymous from blogspot.net

The white paper suggests that various aspects of student performance, particularly 21st century skills needed to compete in a developing global economy, are significantly improved through the use of ICT.  For example, “in one two-year study of upper elementary classrooms with 1:1 computing access, students outperformed non-laptop students on English Language Arts (ELA) literary response and analysis and writing strategies, (Suhr et al., U.S.).”

Teachers:

  • Access:

Research shows that giving teachers computers or helping them to purchase them is incredibly valuable to these programs.  Through boosting teacher confidence in the validity of the information that they are teaching and offering various ways to plan lessons efficiently, teachers can become empowered through technology.  Intel suggests that by creating learning management systems, software applications for managing online learning, and training teachers how to use them, educators can share and contribute to a growing body of open educational resources (OER).

  • Performance:

Besides visible improvements in the quality of student learning, teachers management skills improve as well.  Better organizational skills and levels of productivity were reported in most of the studies referenced in the report.  In one study, “68 percent of teachers with 1 to 3 years of experience say that technology has increased their effectiveness by making them more productive, (Project Tomorrow, U.S.),”

Society and Community:

A number of studies suggest that eLearning is creating benefits for students across all social classes but that disadvantaged, at-risk, and disabled groups of students benefit more.  For example, “the Texas Technology Immersion Pilot showed that economically disadvantaged students reached proficiency levels matching the skills of advantaged control students, (Texas Center for Educational Research, U.S.).”  At the broader social level, Intel suggests that by improving basic education, eLearning can indirectly reduce levels of criminal activity and increase students’ involvement in improving their communities.

Photo credit: impactlab.net

As policy makers use eLeaning to improve basic education, they are focusing on the larger effects on the economy.  Emphasizing this fact, the report highlights the creation of more job opportunities and developing a workforce better able to fill these jobs.  For example, “The OECD estimates the demand for employees with technology skills is growing at a pace that most labor markets struggle to satisfy, stating that approximately 16 million people are employed by the ICT sector, and representing approximately 6 percent of the OECD business sector employment.  Furthermore, the estimate is that this sector is growing faster than most other business sectors.”

The full report and bibliography for the studies referenced above can be accessed here.

“If you want to do M4D in Uganda, you have to be willing to coordinate.” This is the underlying message of UNICEF Technology Specialist David McCann’s blog, “A Ugandan mHealth Moratorium Is a Good Thing.” According to McCann, proliferation of Big Aid-supported mobile interventions, coupled with a severe lack of integration and collaboration, has hindered Uganda’s ability to take ownership of its development.

The Ugandan Ministry of Health, on the other hand, is quickly becoming a leader in mobile integration. By migrating its databases to free open source District Health Information software (DHIS2), the Ministry is encouraging community collaboration and reducing dependency on the tracking of aid-biased health indicators. According to McCann, the Ministry’s adoption of DIHS2 is now forcing Big Aid to “do M4D in a more coherent way.”

To learn more about this pioneering initiative, read McCann’s blog here.

Woman in corn field holding out cell phone

New ICT solutions for agricultural development are being developed at break-neck speed, and its hard to keep track of what’s out there, what works, and how it best fits into your project. At this month’s Tech Talk, GBI will demonstrate how ICT applications can complement a value chain approach to agricultural development, and we will bring in users and developers of these apps to explain their tools and how they are implemented. We’ll also unveil a new and useful interactive tool “Ag Apps Along the Value Chain,” that maps a collected inventory of over 120 apps and ICT solutions along the agricultural value chain.

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Benjamin Addom is a knowledge management specialist with training and experience in the use of ICTs for development. He has over 9 years of experience in the field of agriculture, food security, ICT4D, teaching, training, capacity building, monitoring and evaluation. He holds a PhD in Information Science and Technology from Syracuse University School of Information Studies, masters in International Agriculture and Rural Development from Cornell University, and a bachelors in General Agriculture from the University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

With special presentations by

  • Stephen Sellers, CEO, Co-Founder SourceTrace
  • Jacob N. Maaga, CEO, Africa Commodities & Futures Exchange
  • Or Dashevsky, Solution Architect, Catholic Relief Services

 

Make sure to check out our archives of previous GBI Tech Talks.

One of Nigeria’s leading telecoms, UAE’s Etisalat, revealed their subscriber base increased from 6.8 million January 2011 to 10.8 million by December 2011. Just under 59% growth.

UAE’s Etisalat has revealed that its business increased from a subscriber base of 6.8 million to 10.8 million (image: Etisalat)

UAE’s Etisalat has revealed that its business increased from a subscriber base of 6.8 million to 10.8 million (image: Etisalat)

Steven Evans, Etisalat Nigeria’s CEO, mentioned these figures in Lagos during the Etisalat Heroes Awards where the best performing distribution partners who contributed to the growth and business success of the company in Nigeria were rewarded.

The CEO thanked the distribution partners for their support in last year’s business activities and stated, “2011 was a very eventful and fruitful year for the brand and this was made possible by the fact that we are surrounded by the best business partners any young but fast growing business can hope for.”

The distribution networks of the partners which has helped to ensure the pan Nigeria distribution and penetration of Etisalat products and services were also commended for their valued efforts.

Chief Uzoma Obiyo, Multi-net Group Ltd Chairman/Group CEO, thanked Etisalat Nigeria for the gesture and described Etisalat Nigeria as a worthy and caring business partner, speaking in behalf of the winners.

He commended the company for their innovative products and services which has helped it achieve a lot in its very short time of operation in the country.

During the award, partners were rewarded in nine categories namely; Best Trade Key Account; Distribution Partner with Highest Airtime Sales; Best Data Distributor; Distribution Partner with Highest SIM Activations; Best E-Top Up Distributor;  Distribution Partner with Best Dedicated Outlet; Distribution Partner with Highest SIM Registrations; Distribution Partner with Highest Dealership Growth and Distribution Partner with Best Overall Performance.

The winning partners were presented with glittering plaques, certificates and prizes like cars, inverters, heavy duty generators, refrigerators, laptops, solar notebooks, inverters, among others. The Top 3 Best Distribution Partners were the biggest winners of the night and they had a choice of choosing between a Mitsubishi Pajero and Toyota Prado for being the best overall performers nationally.

Segun Adekoye

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